Climate Change Impacts on San Francisco Estuary Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

Climate change is intensifying the effects of multiple interacting stressors on aquatic ecosystems, particularly in estuaries. In San Francisco Estuary, signals climate are apparent long-term monitoring record. Here we synthesize current and potential future three main ecosystems (floodplain, tidal marsh, open water) upper estuary two representative native fishes that commonly occur these (anadromous Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha estuarine resident Sacramento Splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus). Based our review, found experiencing shifting baseline environmental conditions, amplification extremes, restructuring physical habitats biological communities. We present priority topics for research monitoring, a conceptual model how currently functions relation to variables. addition, discuss four tools management effects: regulatory, water infrastructure, habitat development, measures. conclude adapting requires fundamental changes management.